Analysis of Technical Efficiency in Mustard Production in Different Agro-Climatic Zones of Haryana and Punjab

This paper help in analyzing Technical Efficiencies (TE), in different agricultural production stages for growing mustard, adopted by the farmers of Punjab &Haryana in smallholding farming communities following the fast-track agricultural reform of the year 2014 with a view of highlighting key entry points for policy in the context of “Doubling of Farmers Income”. Using a randomly selected sample of 350 smallholder mustard producers in the districts of south western Punjab and north western Haryana, a stochastic frontier production model was applied, using a linear Cobb–Douglas production function to determine the production elasticity coefficients of inputs, technical efficiency and the determinants of efficiency. The TE can be proved immensely helpful to avoid the situation of indebtedness, low yield and farmer’s suicides in other Indian states. The study finds that mustard output responds positively to the increases in inorganic fertilizers, seed quantity, the use of labour and the area planted. The analysis for mustard growers depict 90 per cent of farmers in the study area, are technically efficient between 70 and 85 per cent, with an average of 77 per cent. The crucial factors of technical efficiency were the gender of head, size of family and frequency of extension services and visits, size of farm and the farming region. This paper represents a case study of south western Punjab and western Haryana to conclude the advanced middle stage farmers of both the state transforming the income generation from agricultural production by making possible use of efficient technology in production for High Yield Varieties (HYV) of mustard.JEL Codes: O21, O33, Q12, Q1

Funding liquidity on bank lending growth: The case of India

PURPOSE: By bridging the funding gap between funding surplus units and deficit units, financial institutions like banks play a crucial role in fostering economic development in a nation. Banks provide the crucial task of organizing individual and institutional resources and directing them to those prepared to engage in business ventures or other productive uses. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the relation between funding liquidity and bank lending growth (BLG). An empirical analysis between bank capital and the funding liquidity ratio on bank lending growth (BLG) using the generalized method of moments (GMM) approach for the sustainable business has been not identified before. Therefore, this study tries to fill this gap. METHODOLOGY: The data was collected from 59 commercial banks in India from 2010 to 2022 which comprises of 21 public sector banks, 18 private sector banks, and 20 foreign banks. The GMM approach was what we employed. This strategy is typically utilized in situations in which the distribution of the data is uncertain and there is a concern with over identification. GMM offers a consistent, asymptotically normal, and efficient estimator in comparison to all of the other estimators that merely use the information presented by the moment conditions. FINDINGS: Findings suggests that there is a significantly negative influence of bank capital and funding liquidity on bank lending. This indicates that higher capital can limit the effect of funding liquidity on the growth of the banks’ loans, therefore the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that higher capital can lower the effect of funding liquidity. This study’s model also reveals the significantly favorable impact that funding liquidity has on the expansion of banks’ loan portfolios, which ultimately results in a more sophisticated increase in the growth rate of bank lending. IMPLICATIONS: This can be an importance piece of information for policy makers in taking accurate decisions to induce the BLG in the presence of an interactive association of funding liquidity and the lending growth rate at different capital levels. We found that the banks’ lending growth rate is significantly influenced by its past values with a significant p-value of less than 1%. The findings imply that capital funds and liquidity funds support the BLG rate in India by strengthening and neutralising the risk involved and absorbing the losses generated by stressed assets. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This study makes a significant contribution to the creation of a more in-depth understanding of the potential relationship between banks’ funding liquidity, capital funds, and bankers’ lending behavior, in particular with reference to developing market nations like India

Testing the Pollution Haven Hypothesis with the Role of Foreign Direct Investments and Total Energy Consumption

The main objective of this study was to examine the nonlinear relationship between environmental deterioration and foreign direct investment for subpanels based on the country’s income level. In this study, the model’s determinants were total consumption of energy and electricity consumption, the share of renewable energy, and economic growth. Due to the observation of cross-sectional dependence, utilization of cointegration tests and panel data unit root were incorporated, which confirmed a mixed integration order. For the compliance of long-run and short-run relationships among the variables, a pooled mean group estimator panel auto-regressive distributed lag approach was incorporated. The results of long-run development support the pollution haven hypothesis; hence, ecological footprint is increased by the activities related to foreign direct investments. The obtained findings depend on the different subpanels based on the income level of countries. For the assurance of economic development sustainability in the energy sector, along with the electrical energy sector, customized policymaking is suggested by this study based on the particulars of each subpanel

Novel evidence from APEC countries on stock market integration and volatility spillover: A Diebold and Yilmaz approach

AbstractThe interconnection of stock markets offers valuable insights into the broader dynamics of global financial markets. This study uses the Diebold and Yilmaz index model to analyze and measure volatility spillovers and interconnectedness among APEC stock markets. The objective is to identify major transmitters of volatility spillovers and assess the magnitude of different crisis cycles. The results show that the US is the major contributor (69.54%) to volatility spillovers in APEC stock markets, followed by Canada (52.92%) and Mexico (37.09%). These three economies are part of the highly integrated regional bloc, say, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). New Zealand has the highest net inflow of spillovers, while spillovers account for 32.86% of the error variance across APEC equity markets. Moreover, notable spikes in volatility spillovers have been observed as a result of various events, including the Chinese stock bubble, the Global Financial Crisis (2007–2008), European debt crises, the Chinese stock market crash, the cryptocurrency crash, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The study’s findings imply that policymakers should enhance economic integration and cooperation within APEC countries to manage volatility spillovers effectively. The research highlights market interactions for a large sample, aiding in identifying investment opportunities and risk management strategies

The Impact of Globalization, Energy Use, and Trade on Ecological Footprint in Pakistan: Does Environmental Sustainability Exist?

Globalization has contributed to several advances in technology including linking people around the globe and driving us to modern economies. With fast economic growth and industrialization progress, the negative impact of globalization on biodiversity can be easily ignored. Globalization is an undeniable factor in our planetary devastation from pollution to global warming and climate change. The major intention of our recent analysis was to examine the globalization, energy consumption, trade, economic growth, and fuel importation to determine the ecological footprint in Pakistan by taking the annual data variables from 1974–2017. A linear ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) technique with limited information maximum likelihood and linear Gaussian model estimation were utilized to check the variables association. Outcomes show that in the long run, globalization, energy usage, trade, and GDP growth have consistently productive interactions with the ecological footprint, while an examination of fuel importation uncovers an adversative linkage to impacts on the ecological footprint in Pakistan. Similarly, the findings of short-run interactions also reveal that globalization, energy usage, trade, and GDP growth have constructive linkages; however, an examination of fuel importation also uncovers an adversative linkage to impacts on the ecological footprint. The outcomes of limited information maximum likelihood also expose that the variables of globalization, energy usage, trade, and fuel importation have productive linkages, while an examination the GDP growth uncovers an adversative linkage to the ecological footprint. Furthermore, the outcomes of the linear Gaussian model estimation also uncover that globalization and energy usage demonstrate a constructive linkage, while other variables reveal an adverse linkage to the ecological footprint. Environmental pollution is now an emerging issue which causes the climatic variations associated with greenhouse gases emissions. The Pakistani government must adopt new strategies to ensure that CO2 emissions are reduced in order to stimulate economic growth

Testing the Pollution Haven Hypothesis with the Role of Foreign Direct Investments and Total Energy Consumption

The main objective of this study was to examine the nonlinear relationship between environmental deterioration and foreign direct investment for subpanels based on the country’s income level. In this study, the model’s determinants were total consumption of energy and electricity consumption, the share of renewable energy, and economic growth. Due to the observation of cross-sectional dependence, utilization of cointegration tests and panel data unit root were incorporated, which confirmed a mixed integration order. For the compliance of long-run and short-run relationships among the variables, a pooled mean group estimator panel auto-regressive distributed lag approach was incorporated. The results of long-run development support the pollution haven hypothesis; hence, ecological footprint is increased by the activities related to foreign direct investments. The obtained findings depend on the different subpanels based on the income level of countries. For the assurance of economic development sustainability in the energy sector, along with the electrical energy sector, customized policymaking is suggested by this study based on the particulars of each subpanel

Mitigating energy production-based carbon dioxide emissions in Argentina: the roles of renewable energy and economic globalization

The energy sector of Argentina is predominantly reliant on fossil fuels. Consequently, such fossil fuel dependency within the nation's power sector, in particular, has aggravated the environmental quality in Argentina by amplifying the nation's energy production-based carbon emission levels. However, keeping into consideration the international commitments pledged by Argentina under the Paris Accord and the Sustainable Development Goals agenda, it is pertinent for this South American country to curb its energy production-based emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. Against this milieu, this study examines the impacts of renewable electricity generation, economic globalization, economic growth, and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions generated from the production of electricity and heat in the context of Argentina. Using annual frequency data from 1971 to 2016, recent econometric methods are applied to control for multiple structural breaks in the data. The major findings from the ecnometric analyses affirmed long-run associations between renewable electricity generation, economic globalization, economic growth, urbanization, and energy production-based carbon dioxide emissions in Argentina. Besides, enhancing renewable electricity output shares is found to curb these emissions while economic globalization and urbanization are witnessed to boost them. Moreover, renewable electricity generation and economic globalization are found to jointly reduce the energy production-related carbon dioxide emissions in Argentina. The results also validate the authenticity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Finally, the causality analysis reveals evidence of unidirectional causalities running from renewable electricity generation, economic globalization, economic growth, and urbanization to energy production-related carbon dioxide emissions in Argentina. In line with these findings, this study recommends several viable policies which can be implemented to help Argentina control the growth of its energy production-based carbon dioxide emissions

Evaluating Green Technology Strategies for the Sustainable Development of Solar Power Projects: Evidence from Pakistan

Energy is the main element for a modern lifestyle that must be considered in economically reliable and sustainable development dialogues. The financial performance of solar power projects has become the main issue, especially in developing countries such as Pakistan, where it has gained the special attention of government and regulatory authorities. The present study evaluates green technology strategies for the sustainable development of solar power projects in Pakistan. We examine the moderating role of cost and riskiness of the methods between the nexus of capital budgeting techniques and the financial performance of solar power projects. The analysis is performed on data collected from 44 respondents (chief financial officers and chief executive officers) by accompanying an inclusive questionnaire survey. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used to assess the formulated suppositions. The results reveal that green technology strategies positively impact the sustainable development of solar power projects. The profitability index is a good source of higher financial performance of the solar power projects. The results further demonstrate that the cost and riskiness of the methods significantly moderate the nexus of capital budgeting techniques and the financial performance of solar power projects. These findings provide a valuable manual for policymakers, government institutions, and regulators to select the appropriate green technology strategy to increase cleaner production and sustainable development of solar power projects